The manner of venerating the dead, too, finds parallels in Java. In the end, the issue remains unsettled, and the spectator is left to decide for himself about the desirability of divorce. Pinalapa (A Clearing) chronicles the hardships of maintaining a clearing in the mountain, although it has a lively tune and is sung with many mimetic gestures. Lingayens bagoong (fish paste) remains a national delicacy. ( A pregnant womans heavy and shapeless body is singa inpakesneg a lasong (like a mortar set on the ground); the slow-moving person is singa tataleman a belas (like rice soaked in water). In 1994, the Tambayo staged a Pangasinan sarsuwela at the Sison Auditorium in Lingayen. The aligando carolers kneel as they sing the lines about the Adoration of the Magi of the Christ Child. Fighting to the last man, the warriors led by the Rahas son, Datu Mabiskeg, succeeded in annihilating the invading force before they touched land. The main object of the party was the incorporation of the Philippines in the United States. The abundance of coral reefs along the shores of the province also indicated a rich marine life. The Guardia de Honor de Maria, led by Julian Baltasar, Agraviados by Antonio Valdes, Kapisanan Makabola Makasinag by Pedro Kabola, and Philippine National Association by Pedro Calosa, were religious organizations that fought against authorities from the Spanish to the American period. Along the Angalacan, a mysterious lady frequently appeared to fishers, strolling along the riverbank during moonlit nights. The song is a lament for the souls in purgatory. By the year 2000, the construction of malls and other business infrastructure had contributed to the rapid growth of the commercial center, requiring the expansion of the central business district to its peripheral locations. For most of the Spanish period, Pangasinan encompassed not only its present boundaries but extended down to Subic in Zambales, Gerona in Tarlac, and up to Bacnotan in La Union. Duaran Mamarikit (Two Spinsters) is a satire on choosy women who fear the onset of spinsterhood and would settle for even a toothless old man. The tupig and Calasiao puto are the more popular pasalubong (souvenir treat) products among visitors. The pantaotaoag is performed by a managtaoag or medium, as an augury for an afflicted person who may have caught a spirits mischievous fancy, a condition called abanbanuan. Lingayen: Vidal Printing Press. The rebels burned the presidencia (town hall), where the land records were kept in the municipal treasurers office. San Carlos: Binalatongan Publishing. Other crops grown are tobacco, corn, vegetables like tomatoes and onions, and fruits such as watermelons and cantaloupes. Their battles lasted well into dawn and dealt usually with courtship themes. The Binalatongan (San Carlos) Story: Then & Now: September 1587-1990. Partners stand in front of the bench 60 centimeters apart from each other, facing the audience, with the girl at the boys right side. Dina Gadia (b.1986, Pangasinan, Philippines; lives and works in Manila, Philippines) is an artist recognised for her visually arresting and playfully representational style. Even churches that begin as Gothic end up as Baroque, like the Mangatarem Church. Response to Spanish Catholicism is not limited to the observance of church religious feasts and obligations as well as the devotion to the Virgin of Manaoag. Similarly, the courtship dance kumakaret makes use of glasses half-filled with wine or tuba (fermented coconut water). Additional Information? Rather than face the Americans, the Japanese forces under General Yamashita Tomoyuki retreated to the mountain fastness of the Cordillera, there to prolong the fight to the end of the war. Another cancionista of note is Rosie Evangelista of Sison. A Study of Pangasinan Proverbs and their Significance in the Teaching of Character Education. Dagupan City: Luzon Colleges. Crisanta. Nava, Erlinda. After the song, a boisterous ceremony called the paketketan follows. The floor of the presbytery and the dome is of Chinese marble tiles. Among them is Pablo Mejia, considered the Prince of Pangasinan Poets. Mejia wrote Bilay Tan Kalkalar nen Rizal (Life and Teachings of Rizal) in metered verse and classical Pangasinan. Crisanta Nelmida-Flores, and Dante Javier (1994) / Updated by Ma. During martial law, Pangasinans leadership was generally affiliated with the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (New Society Movement), an umbrella organization created by Ferdinand Marcos in early 1978. First presented in Calasiao on 9 July 1916, it bears thematic similarities with Palisocs Say Liman. Donors of the opening of ICA SF included Deborah and Andy Rappaport, Pamela and David Hornik, and Kaitlyn and Mike Krieger. In Java, a yearly festival is celebrated by the living to honor the dead; the day is passed in devotion on the burial grounds, which are strewn with flowers. The present-day political structure of Pangasinan reflects the national system of governance down to the barangay level. Javellana, Rene B., ed. Aguinaldo, keeping just a step ahead of the Americans, worked his way north to La Union, passing through Calasiao, Santa Barbara, Manaoag, Pozorrubio, Alava (now Sison), thence to La Union. Nanoy leads the revolutionary forces into town, captures the friar and the guardias civiles, but frees them over the objections of the people, saying that the revolution was fought to correct the injustices of those in power and not for revenge. These millenarian movements are also the result of the syncretism of the manag-anito tradition and Catholicism. In using the sarsuwela as a tool for exposing social ills, Palisoc established a norm where the dramatists and the audience had come to agree that a zarzuela which did not preach a moral was not worth its salt (Magno 1954, 19). However, rehabilitation did not take long and in fact for Dagupan, the disaster accelerated economic growth. Pangasinan, 1572-1800. Significant archeological finds in Pangasinan include a tooth of a pygmy elephant, discovered in 1911 on the island of Anda. (Photo by Hilda Austria) Light Cottage Industries: NACIDA Region 1 Strategies for Development. Fernando Poe Jr., known as the King of Philippine Movies, was posthumously declared National Artist for Film in 2006. He was appointed Supreme Court Associate Justice in 1938 and Chief Justice in 1945. The boy tries to please the girls, who are trying their best to get his attention and favor. Fishponds in the province culture tilapia, oysters, and shrimps. In Pangasinan, Estrada remained governor. 2001. But because of its large-scale use, this sturdy kind of bamboo, also used to make nipa houses, has dwindled in number and is now feared to be almost extinct. Students also viewed ART 257-Response-6 - ART 257-Response-6 Calosa was released in the late 1940s. Hence, since Spanish times, Pangasinan has been the stronghold of Marian devotion in the Philippines. It was to be the Augustinian missionaries who would map the entire region as Pangasinan. Hence, the image of the Virgin of Manaoag and her story serve as a symbol of the Pangasinan folks appropriation of Catholicism into their own religious life. 1997. The following is a couplet with an aa rhyme scheme (Nelmida 1980, 85): Many of the images employed in Pangasinan proverbs are commonplace objects seen and found in the field, farm, or village. The merchants journey from Caboloan to Manila ceased in 2004, but products are still sold through the paktura system, where products and sometimes even cattle are loaded in trucks for the metropolis. Edades is from Barrio Bolosan in Dagupan City. These spirits were held with respect and deference. "Resting Our Eyes," curated by Tahirah Rasheed and Autumn Breon, explores new and existing works from 20 multigenerational Black artists, while Bay Area artists Liz Hernndez and Ryan Whelan . On the evening of 9 January 1931, the PNA, led by Calosa and Cesario Abe, assembled in the barrio of San Roque in San Nicolas and launched a short-lived rebellion that led to the capture of Tayug. Diman Ed Mangabol (Over in Mangabol) glorifies the life of the fisher, where hunger is unknown. These work songs are expressed in four-line verses consisting of eight or nine- syllable lines, in mono-rhyming pattern. Casaysayan nang Pasiong Mahal na si ]esucristong Panginoon Natin na Sucat Ipag-alab nang Puso nang Sinomang Babasa. It is also believed to have helped a woman give birth after she underwent three days of labor; helped free a cuadrillero (prison guard) by causing an escaped prisoner in his charge to return to the fold of the law; and intervened in favor of a condemned man to receive a pardon from the King of Spain. Under the bayawas (guava) tree, children and elders would sing songs and tell stories that are improvisational in nature. In general, the American-instituted educational system raised literacy levels at the same time as it developed, especially among the elite, an admiration for the American lifestyle. In the mountainous and rain-fed western part, one rice crop annually is the norm. It includes a refrain with a catchy tune, the first words of which are Galikin, galikin, the Pangasinan equivalent of Adeste Fideles.. A handkerchief hangs at the left side of her waist. Dancing to the tune of Pitoy Oras at three counts to a measure, the girl balances a glass on her head and one on each palm. There are probably close to 300 diparan or dimaran known in Pangasinan. The story ends with the Holy Familys Flight into Egypt. The marriage ceremony was climaxed by the handing over of the dasel to the brides parents. One gozo (religious song) chronicles the miracles attributed to the image, such as the healing of the sick and the lame, the resurrection of the dead, the putting out of fires, the driving away of pests, and the images own refusal to have her dress changed. Towns such as Manaoag, Santo Tomas, and Bautista generally speak both languages. Tourist Spots Travel Destinations Attractions. 1954. Despite initial difficulties in evangelizing the Pangasinense, the Dominicans eventually secured a foothold for Catholicism in the province. Significant archeological finds in Pangasinan include a tooth of a pygmy elephant, discovered in 1911 on the island of Anda. The Sison Auditorium in Lingayen, another archetypal Gabaldon structure, is now being remodeled along more modern but less elegant lines. . In Manaoag, a peasant was going home one evening from the farm when he heard somebody calling him. Some houses had ladders for the living room and the batalan (kitchen). Manila: National Museum. The dance depicts the different steps in broom making. 2005. The countrys first chief justice, Manuel Moran, was from Binalonan, Pangasinan. Ico, Lydia. Also significant is Serapio Doria Fernandez, who published in the news magazine Tonung; and Miguel Acosta who wrote Marco Merlin, 1930, a novel that underscores the importance of education to an individual who wants to succeed in life. It originated from the kumakaret or wine makers. Each dancer is dressed in any working costume and is provided with a wooden bolo or any similar instrument for cutting, a wooden hammer or pounder, and a chopping board. He adds that should he die, he would live again if she would only look at him. Somewhere on the patio, an effigy of Judas is burned. Pito, Pito, Combibe! (Whistle, Whistle, Halt!) Rituals were presided over by manag-anito, priestesses who invoked oracles and idols, interpreted dreams and omens, and divined propitious times for certain activities. This was led by Maria Magsano of Dagupan. The old poblacion was designated as the residential area, and the commercial district was placed at the main highway, covering the approach to the kapitolyo. Responding to the peoples wish to be free of Spanish authority, he exploited the confusion resulting from the Maniago Revolt and consolidated the leadership of Pangasinan under himself, assuming the title King of Pangasinan. The rebels adherence to Catholicism led them to spare the parish priests. Other poets of the 20th century are Pedro Sison, Onofre Abalos, Miguel Acosta, Gabriel Braganza, Zoilo Cendaa, Onofre Sison, Francisco Untalan, and Jose Oliveros Valerio. Rice is Pangasinans principal crop. The friar also maneuvers to have his servant win the position of capitan over Luiss father, who is more deserving. The Manila press played up rural usury, unfair crop sharing, constabulary abuses, the perfidy of the rich, the cruelty of the municipal tax collections, and land grabbing as the roots of the unrest. Their folk wit, humor, and the rhythmic tunes are characteristic of the cancionan of old. They execute their steps in 2/4 time, then change to 3/4 time, moving backward and forward, hopping, and making lateral cuts with the foot, and bowing to each other. The gaton is a ritual where food is offered to the spirits to appease them for whatever transgressions human beings may have committed against them, such as acapuldac, or unintentionally scalding a spirit by throwing boiling water on its abode, and acapasakit, or unintentionally harming a spirit while toting firewood or doing farm work. An admirer of Rizal, Palisoc was deeply influenced by the anti-friar tone of Rizals Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not) and El Filibusterismo (Subversion). Bolinao: A 14th-15th Century Burial Site. The girl wears a maskota skirt, camisa, and soft panyo folded in a triangle over the left shoulder, with the two ends tied together down at the right side of the waist. In this July interview, Dina Gadia introduces herself and her works and points out how time and the element of excitement holds up a mirror to our times. On 30 June 1898, the Spaniards evacuated all their forces to Dagupan. Daniel Maramba: His Life and Times. Republic of the Philippines DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Region I SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE URDANETA CITY URDANETA CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL Senior High School Urdaneta City, Pangasinan Name : _____ Grade & Section: _____ Date : _____ STUDENT ACTIVITY WORKSHEET. The pasyon or narrative of Jesus Christ has a version in Pangasinan. Participants in this ceremony are the youthful celebrant, the parents, the godparents, and the invited guests. Alongside with this is the Museum for Modern Filipino Arts which will display contemporary styles of art-making. Retana, forms part of the Gozos a Pangguiaalang ed Santa Cruz a Inateyay Cataoan tin Jesucristo: tan Gozos ed Santos Angel a Bantay tan Pantaotaoag day Camareroad Purgatorio tan Gozos ed San Roque (Praises of Praise to the Holy Cross of Jesus Christ: and Praises to the Guardian Angel and Lamentations to the Souls of Purgatory and Praises to Saint Roche), 1861. Access Date: September 14, 2022. Alone, Rosalinda rears her children, who all succeed in their professions. He would spoon-feed her at mealtime, prepare her milk upon waking up, drive away the mosquitoes at bedtime, bathe her, comb her hair, and massage her tired muscles. The first girl has a fan hanging at the right side of the waist and the second girl hangs her fan on her left. In Malasiqui, Pangasinan, Barangay Pasima is known to house bamboo- weavers. Amputi Layag: A Contemporary History of the People of San Carlos City. Leadership, however, is fought over by scions of families traditionally looked upon as leaders within their communities and descendants of the ancient anacbanua. The 26-year old artist from Pangasinan (a province best known for its fish markets production) brought home a Julie Lluch Sculpture trophy, a check for P28,000, collection of Miclat's books, and . He will cover with a handkerchief the floor you walk upon. He imagines his lady as a lemon candy he rolls playfully on the tip of his tongue. The most important contribution of Pangasinan to the countrys theater production is the works of National Artist for Theater and Design, Salvador Badong Bernal of Dagupan City. Colonial houses were built around the church. BINMALEY, Pangasinan -- A 26-year-old artist from this town won the grand prize for the most coveted Maningning Miclat Art Awards 2018 with her artwork made from milkfish bones. Grade 12 CPAR Contemporary Arts Contemporary Arts More from PRINCESS ANN C. TABILAS (3) Study Material module 10.pdf class-12th Contemporaryarts 0 Likes 27 Views P PRINCESS ANN C. TABILAS Feb 15, 2022 Study Material module 5.pdf class-12th Contemporaryarts 0 Likes 64 Views P PRINCESS ANN C. TABILAS Feb 15, 2022 Study Material module 1.pdf The provincial government, through the local tourism office, organized performing groups such as the Danggoan Pangasinan. In the novenas, religious literary forms such as the calar have been composed to venerate the Our Lady of Manaoag and to celebrate the feasts of patron saints and All Saints Day. Minna Gallery. The fossil, identified as elephas beyeri, was estimated to have existed sometime in the Upper Pleistocene period. These organizations, which started as religious in nature, came to lead antifeudal struggles against colonial policies that were elitist and pro-landlord. The last two are exemplified by the following riddles (Nelmida 1980, 90-91): [Priest delivering a sermon from the pulpit]). Say Onloob Ed Estado (One Who Enters the Married State) is an engaged girls wedding song as she ponders her fate. 1918. Armando Ravanzo, considered the guru of creative writing in English in the province, was an editor of the English-language magazine, Traveller. The fossil, identified as elephas beyeri, was estimated to have existed sometime in the Upper Pleistocene period. When the colonial impositions grew too harsh, the anacbanua were caught in a vise, unable to resist the exactions of the Spaniards yet reluctant to impose burdens on the people under their patronage, with whom their kinship ties went back several centuries. Traces of Pangasinan cultural influence can still be found in such places as Camiling, Tarlac, although the more peripatetic Ilocano have left a more lasting lingual and cultural imprint on the areas that were once under the territory of Pangasinan. The Philippines entered into war with Japan on 8 December 1941 after the attack on Clark Air Field. A second pasyon exists in manuscript form and is titled Passio Domini Nostri Jesu Criste, whose text in Pangasinan was copied by Juan de Montimayor in 1849 from a work probably written by the Dominican Fray Gonzalez. By 1930, most of the peasants in Tayug, Santa Maria, San Nicolas, and San Quintin had joined the PNA. Whenever a person drowns in the river, the people attribute it to the mermaids revenge and they whisper, Angalaca la met! (Youve got one again!). It can also mean an anthem or a patriotic song. Another popular image is that of the crucified Christ or the Divino Tesoro of Calasiao. Panaun Aman (The Past Era) was written by Mejia in 1915 and is considered to be the longest sarsuwela in Pangasinan. The cancionan verses vary from 4-8 lines per stanza and are usually set to known tunes. Pangasinan is considered to be the third vote-rich province after Cebu and Cavite. By the second decade of the 20th century, the name Caboloan had been obscured from memory. Casabars father, Cirilo, was a former sacristan of the Manaoag Shrine. However, other sects such as the Philippine Independent Church, the Iglesia ni Kristo, and the various Protestant denominations have their adherents, mainly among residents of Ilocano descent. The sash of the Virgin is also borrowed from time to time by pregnant women, who wear it on their last week of pregnancy to ensure a safe delivery. After this period of service, the grooms parents performed the seguep, the ritual asking for the girls hand in marriage. However, the expansion of the business and information technology (IT) center from downtown has reached the Lucao district and stretches toward the town of Binmaley. Verses have assonantal rhyme in different combinations and use metaphors to refer to the object of the riddle. Tell me about you. ), Mga Lumang Kasuotan at Pananamit ng mga Pilipino sa Maynila Noong Unang Panahon (sa mga Nagdaang Siglo), The Aeta People of the Philippines: Culture, Customs and Tradition [Philippine Indigenous People | Ethnic Group], Tiboli (Tboli) Tribe of Mindanao: History, Culture and Arts, Customs and Traditions [Indigenous People | Philippines Ethnic Group], The Bicolano People or the Bikolanos (Bikol: Mga Bikolnon) History, Culture and Traditions [Bicol Region Philippines], The Ilocano People of the Philippines: History, Culture, Customs and Tradition [Ilocos Region], The Manobo Tribe of the Philippines: History, Culture, Customs and Tradition [Philippine Indigenous People | Ethnic Group], The Blaan People of the Philippines: History, Culture, Customs, Beliefs and Tradition [Philippine Indigenous People | B'laan Tribe Ethnic Group], Baguio City Travel Guide for First-Time Tourists - New & Old Tourist Spots, Itinerary, What to See and Expect [Philippine Tourism Re-opening 2022], All Rights Reserved | Read:Disclaimer, Damian Domingo, Una Mujer Pangasinana Labandera, circa 1830, Paulino and Hetty Que Collection, A hexagonal bowl attributed to Pangasinan (Philippine Basketry: An Appreciation by Robert F. Lane. . Maramba expanded his operations to Malasiqui, Urdaneta, and Mapandan, while del Prado and Quesada launched operations in the western part of the province. The pivotal role of the anacbanua (native elite) in the political and social life of Pangasinan forced them into acting as buffers between the ordinary people and the civil and ecclesiastical authorities. Malong became known for cutting the ears of the Spaniards, thereby earning the appellation amputi layag (white ear), which would later refer to the fearless people of San Carlos City, formerly Binalatongan, where Malong had staged his revolt. Private institutions, both secular and religious, helped relieve the demand for secondary education. The gold was to pay for the boatman who would ferry the dead along the length of a river to the spirit world. Traditionally, the maiden was the subject of much negotiation between her parents and those of the prospective groom. Shrimp farms in the province are found in Dagupan, Binmaley, Bani, and Dasol. An indie filmmaker from Urdaneta, Christopher Gozum debuted with the film Anacbanua, which won for him the Lino Brocka Grand Prize in 2009. Artacho was from Vigan but became governor of Pangasinan from 1905 to 1908. Pablo Mejia: A Study of the Pangasinan Zarzuela. MA thesis, University of the Philippines Diliman. On 28 February, the Commonwealth Government was reinstated; one of the first acts of the administration was to round up suspected collaborators. Teofilo Sison was the first to be tried and convicted, but he was given amnesty. Diaz and Bandung have since retired and Morante has teamed up with Fely Manuel. 1982. This is celebrated through the long gozos capping the daily prayers during the nine-day prayer or novena. The partners stand opposite each other two meters apart. On the Feast of All Saints, the pantaotaoag is sung. Pangasinan songs may be associated with certain seasons of the Catholic calendar, such as Christmas or Lent; with particular occupations or activities such as fishing or farming; and with stages in the life cycle such as courtship or weddings. The boy wears camisa de chino, which is a collarless, loose, long-sleeved shirt; and colored trousers. He would neither chew nor swallow her but let her stay there and enjoy her. It is danced on top of a bench about 2 to 3 meters long, 15 centimeters wide, and 60 centimeters high. The plays villain, a friar, smears the reputation of Luis, lover of Filipinas, who is coveted by the friars servant. Nanoy is captured and exiled, and returns only upon the arrival of the Americans. 40, Series of 1900, provided for the creation of municipal governments staffed and chaired by Filipinos. Cancionan used to last from at least three hours to as long as 6-8 hours, but the demands of present-day audiences in the age of the sound-bite have prompted the development of the cancionan, which has been pared down to 1-2 hours for stage performances and 30-45 minutes for radio performances. The word Blaan could have derived from bila, meaning house, and the suffix an, meaning people, so that the term may be taken to mean Pangasinense People of Pangasinan: History, Culture and Arts, Customs and Traditions [Philippines]. Fourteen days later, on 22 December 1941, Japanese forces landed on the beaches of Damortis and Agoo in La Union. Faith healers Jun Labo and Alex Orbito are well known locally and internationally. The manag-anito as the communitys folk healer and religious leader still exists today. Pangasinan is derived from the prefix panag and the root word asin, which means a place where salt is made. It also refers to the language, which is spoken along the central part in such towns as Alaminos, Mabini, Sual, Labrador, Lingayen, Bugallon, Aguilar, Mangatarem, Urbiztondo, Binmaley, Dagupan, Calasiao, Santa Barbara, Basista, Bayambang, Malasiqui, San Fabian, Mangaldan, San Jacinto, Pozorrubio, and Mapandan. Customs regulated property relations, trading, interpersonal relations, and land and resource use. This also accounts for the patronage system and political dynasties, which characterize the political life of the people. ARTISTA SINING BISWAL NG PANGASINAN: HERWIN BUCCAT, our in house artist, is a distinguished, young, upcoming painter and a member of Baguio Arts Guild achieving first prize at the 2008 Mural Painting Contest held at Rosales Pangasinan sponsored by Abono Party List in recognition of the hard life and work of Pangasinan Farmers. Characters are costumed the way holy images of Lenten processions are dressed, with Christ in the robes of the Nazarene complete with wig and rays, and the Virgin Mary in traditional blue veil and white gown. Established in 1993 by Eiming Jung, 111 Minna Gallery specializes in a variety of art forms, from edgy visual arts and live DJs and film screenings. The second film was written by Buenaventura Medina Sr., with screenplay by T. D. Agcaoili. With the progress of the cash economy, dasel consisted more and more of cash funds and residential lands, and less and less of farmland and draught animals. Popularized by Linda Magno over the airways, it has a haunting melody, whose lyrics describe how the lover is awakened during a quiet evening from a dream of his ladylove whose beauty is a joy to behold. Andi Bali, Rosing (Its Alright, Rosing) is one of the oldest known serenades, in which the lover expresses his fear that his sweetheart might forget him. This article is from the CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art Digital Edition. The last four towns and city make up the Agno Delta. A third novel, Bales na Kalamangan (Price of Infidelity), is the story of Rosalinda, who is abandoned by her wealthy lover, Don Alejandro, by whom she has several children. The Malong and Palaris revolts highlight the pages of Pangasinan history during the Spanish colonial period. Meanwhile, an American column pushing north from San Fernando, Pampanga, forced Aguinaldo to transfer the fledgling Republics capital from Tarlac to Bayambang in southern Pangasinan. Illness was deemed a punishment for offending the anito. The parents would bring 12 different viands on bigao (round, flat baskets) to the house of the girls parents. A song from this sarsuwela, Say Liglioay Ateng (The Joy of Parents), is now a Pangasinan folk song. It is sung by women in the first voice and men in the second. Her first novel, Colegiala Dolores (Convent-Bred Dolores), 1952, is about a wealthy heiress who chooses to marry the schoolteacher Mario. Another sarsuwelista (sarsuwela playwright) of Pangasinan was the prolific Pablo Mejia who injected meaningful lessons and raised valid social issues through his plays. All these machinations are attempts to mask the friars own desire for Filipinas. Peralta, Renato, ed. Pangasinan Oral Literature. In Salimbibig, Philippine Vernacular Literature, edited by Joseph A. Galdon. San Carlos: Sanchez Press. Bagaforo, Florencio Jr. 2000. . The third pasyon is the most popular, the Pasion na Cataoan Tin Jesucristo ya Dinemuet ed Saray Masantos a Evangelio tan Pinaliman na Saray Daquel a Incalingo ya Oalad Saray Arum a Pasion a Impluima (The Complete Passion of Jesus Christ Taken from the Holy Gospel and Purged of the Many Mistakes Found in other Written Passion).
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